Intergenerational transfers of money, time and space are important manifestations of functional solidarity in contemporary societies. Previous research on solidarity patterns between family generations has revealed considerable cohesion and support in Europe. Whereas previous empirical studies have mainly addressed the causes and consequences of intergenerational solidarity patterns of natives, the population of foreign origin has often been neglected or limited to a specific (ethnic) population. However, experiences caused by migration as well as the situation in the host country can affect intergenerational relations, not least in respect to support patterns.

Against the background of contemporary multi-ethnic and transnational societies, the question of differences between natives and migrants is particularly crucial. Therefore, our proposed contribution focuses on (a) differences and similarities in functional solidarity between migrant, interethnic and native families in Europe, (b) differences within migrant families, as well as (c) variations between European countries. The empirical analyses are based on the fifth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which is a multidisciplinary and cross-national dataset that offers extensive information on both native and immigrant families. The data was collected in 2013 and includes 14 European countries.

Overall, the empirical analyses prove that European family generations are strongly connected via various forms of functional solidarity. Nevertheless, migration matters in many ways. In addition to significant differences between natives and migrants, we also observe specific patterns of migrant families according to household composition, duration of stay and the country of origin.

Background and purpose: The phenomenon of four-generation of families has considerably grown in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine the role perception of great-grandparents and the meaning of their relationships with great-grandchildren for their quality of life compared to grandparents.

Method: The sample included 103 great-grandparents (mean age 81.9) and 111 grandparents (mean age 62.6). The meaning of the great-grandparents' role was examined using the multidimensional experience of grandparenthood set of inventories (Findler, Taubman-Ben-Ari, Nuttman- Shwarts, & Lazar, 2013). Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL of world health organization which was developed in Israel by Ben-Yacob & Amir (2001).

Results: The findings show that when the great-grandparenthood is experienced as meaningful, and regarded as a continuity of the family, and when the great-grandparents feel more positive emotions toward their great-grandchildren they are more likely to help them. However, great-grandparenthood is not as strong and meaningful as grandparenthood, and the great-grandparents give practical help less than the grandparents. In addition, positive correlations were found between behavioral dimension and quality of life both for grandparents and great-grandparents. The regression tests showed for great-grandparents that when their health and economic situations are better, they are more educated, and feel positive emotions towards the great-grandchildren, their quality of life is better

Conclusions: These results reflect a perception of the role of great-grandparenthood as meaningful, and show the importance of the relationships between great-grandparents and their great-grandchildren, and its contribution to the great-grandparents' generation.

Housing is a crucial part of a family’s welfare. In many European countries, homeownership provides this welfare. Housing becomes the most important part of the family’s wealth and asset management, it might provide additional economic welfare through financial returns and probably most important in a family context, housing might constitute an important condition for intergenerational relations and transfers.

Norway is one of the countries with the highest rate of homeownership. Apart from very few exceptions, the house prices have been increasing every years since 1993. In this way, elderly people have received an increased value of their real assets, while the younger people have met steady higher prices when their try to buy their first home.

Through a nationwide survey from the fall of 2015, we compare young people (aged between 20 and 30) with a generation on the average 40 years older (between 60 and 70). We analyze the difference in their real and financial assets, which types of assistance the younger generation has received from older family members and which type of assistance the elderly have given to younger close relatives.

Individualism has not emerged completely in Muslim societies such as Iran; like the way it’s appeared in the West. Because of the cultural, economic and structural features of these societies we could not expect an independent individualized person like those we observe in Western Europe and USA. There are many social, economic and cultural necessities that are in contrary with that. The individualism in these societies often is family-oriented. The smallest identity unit is the family before that somebody could be an individual. Therefore individuality is defined as the sub-category of family. When people say that nobody cares about them or the humanity, they do not mean their family because families are always their supporters and they define themselves along with their own families.

This paper is the result of a survey among 907residents of Tehran who are over 18 years. We tried to describe individualism status, its features and, family-oriented individualism and the factors that affect its formation. Therefore we have considered values, beliefs and behaviors and here we have presented our findings. Based on our survey 87% of respondents are living with their families. 70% believe that in case of any problem their families should help them. 70% believe that family interests are prior to their own interests. 86% believe that families should control their children’s behaviors.